竞态，以及为什么需要锁

def execute(op, shared, regs, locks, tid):    kind = op[0]    if kind == "load":        regs[tid] = shared.get(op[1], 0)    elif kind == "add":        regs[tid] += op[1]    elif kind == "store":        shared[op[1]] = regs[tid]    elif kind == "lock":        if op[1] in locks:            return False        locks[op[1]] = tid    elif kind == "unlock":        del locks[op[1]]    return Trueshared, regs, locks = {"x": 0}, {0: 0, 1: 0}, {}turns = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)]1for tid, step in turns:    execute(INCREMENT[step], shared, regs, locks, tid)    print("thread", tid, INCREMENT[step], "->", shared, regs)

thread 0 ('load', 'x') -> {'x': 0} {0: 0, 1: 0}
thread 1 ('load', 'x') -> {'x': 0} {0: 0, 1: 0}
thread 0 ('add', 1) -> {'x': 0} {0: 1, 1: 0}
thread 1 ('add', 1) -> {'x': 0} {0: 1, 1: 1}
thread 0 ('store', 'x') -> {'x': 1} {0: 1, 1: 1}
thread 1 ('store', 'x') -> {'x': 1} {0: 1, 1: 1}

def run(programs, schedule, shared=None):    shared = dict(shared or {})    regs = {tid: 0 for tid in range(len(programs))}    pcs = [0] * len(programs)    locks = {}    for tid in schedule:        if pcs[tid] < len(programs[tid]) and execute(programs[tid][pcs[tid]], shared, regs, locks, tid):            pcs[tid] += 1    while any(pcs[t] < len(programs[t]) for t in range(len(programs))):        progress = False        for tid in range(len(programs)):            if pcs[tid] < len(programs[tid]) and execute(programs[tid][pcs[tid]], shared, regs, locks, tid):                pcs[tid] += 1                progress = True        if not progress:            raise RuntimeError("deadlock")    return shareddef serial_schedule(programs):    return [tid for tid, program in enumerate(programs) for _ in program]def round_robin_schedule(programs):    longest = max((len(program) for program in programs), default=0)    return [tid for step in range(longest) for tid, program in enumerate(programs) if step < len(program)]def lost_updates(programs, schedule, name="x"):    expected = sum(op[1] for program in programs for op in program if op[0] == "add")    return expected - run(programs, schedule).get(name, 0)two = [INCREMENT, INCREMENT]print(serial_schedule(two), run(two, serial_schedule(two)))print(round_robin_schedule(two), run(two, round_robin_schedule(two)))print("lost:", lost_updates(two, round_robin_schedule(two)))

[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1] {'x': 2}
[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1] {'x': 1}
lost: 1

def counter_program(increments, locked=False):    program = []    for _ in range(increments):        program += ([("lock", "m")] if locked else []) + INCREMENT + ([("unlock", "m")] if locked else [])    return programsafe = [counter_program(1, locked=True), counter_program(1, locked=True)]print(counter_program(1, locked=True))print(run(safe, round_robin_schedule(safe)))ab = [[("lock", "a"), ("lock", "b"), ("unlock", "b"), ("unlock", "a")],      [("lock", "b"), ("lock", "a"), ("unlock", "a"), ("unlock", "b")]]try:    run(ab, [0, 1])except RuntimeError as error:    print("error:", error)

[('lock', 'm'), ('load', 'x'), ('add', 1), ('store', 'x'), ('unlock', 'm')]
{'x': 2}
error: deadlock

def study(bars):    returns = [float(r) for r in bars["close"].pct_change().dropna()][:2000]    ups = [sum(1 for r in returns[start::2] if r > 0) for start in (0, 1)]    free = [counter_program(k) for k in ups]    locked = [counter_program(k, locked=True) for k in ups]    return {"up": sum(ups),            "serial": run(free, serial_schedule(free))["x"],            "racy": run(free, round_robin_schedule(free))["x"],            "locked": run(locked, round_robin_schedule(locked))["x"]}print(study(load_bars()))

{'up': 1085, 'serial': 1085, 'racy': 543, 'locked': 1085}